Thought Leadership on Peace and Conflict
Overview
To better understand the causes of violent conflict and what works to address it, Mercy Corps has produced a series of studies to help advance approaches to reducing violence while supporting long-term peace and development.
- Why People Join and Support Armed Groups
- What Works to Reduce Violence and Build Peace
- The Links Between Social Cohesion and Violence
Our Studies
Why People Join and Support Armed Groups
The Role of Poverty, Employment, and Injustice on Violence and Stability in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Somalia
Our research from Somalia (2012), did not find a link between employment status and youth’s attitudes toward violence. Data from an education and civic engagement program showed that youth who were civically engaged were more likely to have engaged in political violence, indicating that motivated youth may see violence as one of their only options to make change.
Youth and Consequences (2015) built off these findings in important ways. Through qualitative research with current and former members of armed groups in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Somalia, we found that violence makes people poor, but poverty doesn’t appear to make them violent. Instead, injustice – and the anger resulting from it – was a primary driver of violence.
The Drivers of Participation in Violence and Violent Extremism in Syria, Nigeria, and Mali
From Jordan to Jihad (2015) looked at the motivations of foreign fighters and found that the most common justification for joining the war in Syria was to protect Sunni women and children.
In Northeast Nigeria, we explored both what drives youth to join but also resist Boko Haram in our paper Motivations and Empty Promises (2016), finding that discontent with government and deep inequality contributed to participation in the group. Our follow-up study Gifts and Graft (2016) found that Boko Haram’s financial support increased recruitment and capitalized on frustrations over inadequacies in government economic programs.
Further research on the drivers of youth participation in violence, We Hope and We Fight (2017), drew on interviews with youth members of armed groups in Mali. We found that community-level factors were the most influential in youths’ decision-making, with youth joining to protect their communities or address perceived government neglect or injustice.
The Role of Religion and Identity in Intercommunal Conflict in Nigeria
In Fear of the Unknown (2021), we examined the role of religion and identity in driving intercommunal violence in northern Nigeria. We found that violence is largely driven not by religious belief or animus, but by insecurity and a lack of trust between ethno-religious groups. Religious leaders play an important role in both stoking violence—by politicizing or enhancing the salience of religious identity—and preventing it by resolving disputes and promoting peace. These findings echo the results of an Inter-Religious Peacebuilding in Northern Nigeria (2017) research report, which found that religious leaders have a high potential to positively influence long-term peacebuilding.
What Works to Reduce Violence and Build Peace
Economic Interventions in Afghanistan
Our study Does Youth Employment Build Stability? (2014) used an impact evaluation of an employment program in Afghanistan designed to promote stability. The evaluation found that employment outcomes did not have any impact on stability outcomes. In other words, youth with a job were no less likely to support the Taliban than jobless youth. Looking at a broader set of employment interventions in Afghanistan, Can Economic Interventions Reduce Violence? (2018) used a randomized control trial (RCT) to show that a combination of vocational training and cash transfers resulted in a large reduction in willingness to engage in pro-armed opposition group actions six to nine months post-intervention. Neither intervention on its own had a long-term effect, however.
Education and Civic Engagement in Somalia and Iraq
In studies of Mercy Corps’ Somali Youth Learners Initiative (SYLI) program, Critical Choices (2016) and If Youth are Given the Chance (2018) we found that the combination of education and civic engagement – largely community service – led to a decrease in support for, and engagement, in political violence. Similarly, our research Investing in Iraq’s Peace (2016) looked at dynamics affecting support for armed groups and reinforced the importance of good governance in reducing violent extremism.
Peacebuilding in Nigeria
In Nigeria, another RCT, Does Peacebuilding Work in the Midst of Conflict? (2019) found that dispute resolution and joint community projects significantly increased contact and trust between farmer and pastoralist communities compared to control sites, even as regional tensions increased. Perceptions of security also increased significantly more in intervention sites. These results verified the findings of an impact evaluation of similar interventions in Nigeria, Reducing Conflict and Increasing Local Economic Activities (2017), in which intervention sites showed significant improvements in reported tensions, inter-group trust, and freedom of movement.
Social Cohesion and Trauma-Healing in Jordan
We used an impact evaluation to show that conflict management and joint community projects also had a strong, positive impact on social cohesion between Syrian refugee and host communities in Jordan, as reported in What Works and What's Next for Social Stability in Jordan? (2019). In the same context, we showed in Advancing Adolescents (2016) that psychosocial support and trauma-healing can both help people feel safer in their community and improve social trust between groups.
The Links Between Social Cohesion and Violence
To examine whether improving social cohesion has the potential to reduce vulnerability to violent extremism, Understanding the Links Between Social Cohesion and Violence (2021) analyzed survey data from a P/CVE program in Niger. The study found that only some dimensions of social cohesion – namely trust and positive intergroup interaction – were associated with a reduced propensity towards violence. These relationships were verified in an RCT of an economic recovery project in Iraq, as reported in A Million Dinar Question (2021). The RCT found that cash transfers combined with financial literacy that brought displaced and host communities together both improved intergroup cohesion and reduced people’s acceptance of violence against other communities.
While A Million Dinar Question examined cohesion between displaced and host populations, Towards Durable Solutions to Displacement (2021) investigated the drivers of social acceptance of displaced people attempting to return to their home areas in post-ISIS Iraq. Using a series of survey experiments, we showed that returnees’ movement patterns during ISIS rule shaped their social acceptance more than their ethno-religious identity, and that a sense of shared victimhood under ISIS made people, especially men, more likely to accept out-group returnees. Our findings highlighted important gender differences in social acceptance, while providing further evidence that – even in a highly polarized environment – it is possible to improve the prospects of social reintegration and peaceful coexistence through trauma-informed peacebuilding.